Indefinite article

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1. Sounds
The indefinite articles are A or AN.
We use A before a consonant-sound.
We use AN before a vowel-sound.
The difference depends on the sound of the vowels and consonants, not the spelling!
2. Examples
a teacher
a peach
a woman
a house
a man
a useful book
a university
a European		an English teacher
an orange
an old woman
an hour
an honest man
an heir
an honour
an Irish person
3. Use
A or AN is used before names of professions:
He is a painter.
My sister is studying to be a doctor.
It's really nice to be a student.
A is used before words like couple, dozen, hundred, thousand, million, ...:
A couple of years ago I was living in Britain.
There were a thousand people in the stadium.
A or AN means 'every' or 'each' in some expressions of time, speed, price,...:
She visits me twice a year.
He drives 50 miles an hour.
Don't put A or AN before uncountables:
I don't like milk.
Silence is golden.
We're having soup for lunch.

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Definite article

Posted by Unknown

1. Sounds
The definite article is THE.
It is used for singular and plural.
The pronunciation differs before a vowel or consonant.
The difference depends on the sound of the vowels and consonants, not the spelling.
2. Examples
THE / ð¶ /
 		THE / ði: /
 
a teacher
a peach
a woman
a house
a man
a useful book
a university
a European		an English teacher
an orange
an old woman
an hour
an honest man
an heir
an honour
an Irish person

Explanation of the symbols: these symbols help you to use the correct pronunciation.
/ ð¶ / You pronounce / ð / it like th in these. You pronounce the / ¶ / like e in answer
/ ði: / You pronounce / ð / it like th in these. You pronounce the / i: / like ee in see
3. Use
THE is used before names of instruments:
I play the piano.
My sisters play the violin.
My teacher plays the guitar.
Don't put THE before names of meals, except when we talk about a particular meal:
Dinner is served.
What time do you have lunch.
BUT: The dinner we had yesterday was delicious.
Don't put THE before names of seasons, except when we talk about a particular season:
We have a long holiday in summer.
Flowers bloom in spring.
BUT: The winter of 1966 was the coldest in history.
No THE before names of mountains:
Mount Everest is 8,862 metres high.
We stood on top of Etna.
No THE before abstract nouns used in general use:
I love nature.
Life is short.

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Personal pronouns

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1. Subject pronouns
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they		refers to the speaker
refers to the person spoken to
refers to a male person
refers to a female person
refers to a thing or an animal
refers to the speaker and one or more persons
refers to the people spoken to
refers to people or things
2. Object pronouns
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them		refers to the speaker
refers to the person spoken to
refers to a male person
refers to a female person
refers to a thing or an animal
refers to the speaker and one or more persons
refers to the people spoken to
refers to people or things

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Possessive adjective

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1. Form and examples
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their		My name is Sean.
What's your dog's name?
Is this his car?
Her car is a Mini.
Its nest is high in the tree.
Are our parents at home?
Your tests are good.
Their rooms are nice.

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Genitive

Posted by Unknown

1. Form and examples
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their		My name is Sean.
What's your dog's name?
Is this his car?
Her car is a Mini.
Its nest is high in the tree.
Are our parents at home?
Your tests are good.
Their rooms are nice.

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Prepositions of place

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1. Prepositions: the ball is ... the square(s)
inonaboveunderto the left of
to the right ofbetweenin front ofbehindagainst

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Plural

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1. Regular
General rule: singular + S:
girl - girls
boy - boys
Nouns ending in -S, -SS, -SH, -CH, -X get -ES:
box - boxes
bus - buses
Some nouns ending in -O behind a consonant get -ES:
potato - potatoes
tomato - tomatoes
Nouns ending in -Y behind a consonant change -Y into -IES:
lady - ladies
baby - babies
Some nouns ending in -F or -FE change -F(E) into -VES:
knife - knives
wife - wives
2. Irregular: learn them by heart!
man
foot
woman
tooth
goose
mouse
louse
child
penny		men
feet
women
teeth
geese
mice
lice
children
pence
3. Always singular, always plural
Some nouns are always plural:
clothes, jeans, trousers, shorts, people,
police, glasses, scissors, mathematics
Some nouns (abstract, materials, kinds of food) are always singular:
bread, tea, cheese, jam, soup, soap, snow, cotton,
wood, water, information, advice, knowledge, furniture
Some nouns have the same form for singular and plural:
Names of kind of fish: cod, herring, salmon, trout, ...
Names of some animals: deer, sheep, swine, ...

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Much, many, a lot of

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1. Much and many
We use much and many in:
- negative sentences
- interrogative sentences (questions)
- affirmative senteces with so, as, too
2. A lot of
We use a lot of in affirmative sentences.
(In spoken English much and many is often replaced by a lot of.)
3. Scheme
Ask yourself these questions.
Follow the arrows and you will get the right answer.
  

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To be

Posted by Unknown

1. Affirmative sentences
Full formsContracted forms
I am
You are
He is
She is
It is
We are
They are
You are		I'm
You're
He's
She's
It's
We 're
They 're
You 're
2. Negative sentences
Full formsContracted forms
I am not
You are not
He is not
She is not
It is not
We are not
They are not
You are not		I 'm not
You aren't
He isn't
She isn't
It isn't
We aren't
They aren't
You aren't
3. Interrogative sentences + short answers
InterrogativePositive answersNegative answers
Am I?
Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?
Are we?
Are they?
Are you?		Yes, I am.
Yes, you are.
Yes, he is.
Yes, she is.
Yes, it is.
Yes, we are.
Yes, they are.
Yes, you are.		No, I 'm not.
No, you aren't.
No, he isn't.
No, she isn't.
No, it isn't.
No, we aren't.
No, they aren't.
No, you aren't.

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To have

Posted by Unknown

1. Affirmative sentences
Full formsContracted forms
I have got
You have got
He has got
She has got
It has got
We have got
You have got
They have got		I 've got
You 've got
He 's got
She 's got
It 's got
We 've got
You 've got
They 've got
2. Negative sentences
Full formsContracted forms
I have not got
You have not got
He has not got
She has not got
It has not got
We have not got
You have not got
They have not got		I haven't got
You haven't got
He hasn't got
She hasn't got
It hasn't got
We haven't got
You haven't got
They haven't got
3. Interrogative sentences + short answers
InterrogativePositive answersNegative answers
Have I got ?
Have you got ?
Has he got ?
Has she got ?
Has it got ?
Have we got ?
Have you got ?
Have they got ? 		Yes, I have.
Yes, you have.
Yes, he has.
Yes, she has.
Yes, it has.
Yes, we have.
Yes, you have.
Yes, they have.		No, I haven't.
No, you haven't.
No, he hasn't.
No, she hasn't.
No, it hasn't.
No, we haven't.
No, you haven't.
No, they haven't.

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Short answers

Posted by Unknown

1. To be
InterrogativePositive answersNegative answers
Am I?
Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?
Are we?
Are they?
Are you?		Yes, I am.
Yes, you are.
Yes, he is.
Yes, she is.
Yes, it is.
Yes, we are.
Yes, they are.
Yes, you are.		No, I 'm not.
No, you aren't.
No, he isn't.
No, she isn't.
No, it isn't.
No, we aren't.
No, they aren't.
No, you aren't.

2. To have
InterrogativePositive answersNegative answers
Have I got ?
Have you got ?
Has he got ?
Has she got ?
Has it got ?
Have we got ?
Have you got ?
Have they got ? 		Yes, I have.
Yes, you have.
Yes, he has.
Yes, she has.
Yes, it has.
Yes, we have.
Yes, you have.
Yes, they have.		No, I haven't.
No, you haven't.
No, he hasn't.
No, she hasn't.
No, it hasn't.
No, we haven't.
No, you haven't.
No, they haven't.

3. To do
InterrogativePositive answersNegative answers
Do I ?
Do you ?
Does he ?
Does she ?
Does it ?
Do we ?
Do you ?
Do they ?		Yes, I do.
Yes, you do.
Yes, he does.
Yes, she does.
Yes, it does.
Yes, we do.
Yes, you do.
Yes, they do.		No, I don't.
No, you don't.
No, he doesn't.
No, she doesn't.
No, it doesn't.
No, we don't.
No, you don't.
No, they don't.

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Present simple

Posted by Unknown

1. Conjugation
AffirmativeNegativeInterrogative
I work
You work
He works
She works
It works
We work
You work
They work		I do not work
You do not work
He does not work
She does not work
It does not work
You do not work
We do not work
They do not work		Do I work ?
Do you work ?
Does he work ?
Does she work ?
Does it work ?
Do we work ?
Do you work ?
Do they work ?
Contracted forms: do not = don't / does not = doesn't
2. Spelling of 3rd person singular (he, she, it)
General rule: infinitive without 'to' + S
to work ==> works
to play ==> plays
Verbs ending in O, SS, X, CH, SH : infinitive without 'to' + ES
to go ==> goes
to kiss ==> kisses
Verbs ending in Y, preceded by a consonant: Y changes into IES
to cry ==> cries
to fly ==> flies

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Present continuous

Posted by Unknown

1. Conjugation
AffirmativeNegativeInterrogative
I am working
You are working
He is working
She is working
It is working
We are working
You are working
They are working		I am not working
You are not working
He is not working
She is not working
It is not working
We are not working
You are not working
They are not working		Am I working?
Are you working?
Is he working?
Is she working?
Is it working?
Are we working?
Are you working?
Are they working?
Contracted forms:       am = 'm                          is   = 's                          are = 're
                               am not  = 'm not              is not = isn't                   are not  = aren't
2. Spelling of the ing-form (present participle)
General rule: infinitive without 'to' + ING
to work --> working
to play --> playing
Verbs ending in a silent E: the E is dropped +ING
to live --> living
to come --> coming
Verbs ending in IE: the IE changes into Y +ING
to die --> dying
to lie --> lying
Verbs with the stress on the last syllable, ending in a consonant,
preceded by a short vowel: the end consonant is doubled + ING
to stop --> stopping
to begin --> beginning
Verbs ending in L: the L is doubled +ING
to travel --> travelling
to quarrel --> quarrelling
Verbs ending in IC: the C is followed by K +ING
to picnic --> picnicking
to panic --> panicking

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Posted by Unknown

Use: present simple
Use: present continuous
Repeated actions and habits.Britney Spears sings songs.
Something happening now.
Tim is singing a song.
Actions happening over a long period of time.
The turtle lives in its house.
Actions happening over a short period of time.
He is staying in a tent this holiday.
We use the present simple with verbs of
thoughts, feelings or states.The pig thinks about its future.


The hedgehog loves the cactus.


The moon goes round the earth.

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Imperative

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1. Form
Infinitive without to
It has the same form in singular and plural.
2. Use
Orders 
Sit down, boys and girls.
Try another pen.

Instructions
Go straight on.
Add sugar to the milk and flour.

Warnings
Look out!
Mind the step!

Negative Imperatives (Prohibitions)
Do not walk on the grass.
Don't cycle here.

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Question words

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1. WH-question
Whereà ask about places.Where is he? At home.
Whenà ask about times and dates.When will you phone? At 6 o'clock
Whyà ask about a reason.Why are they leaving? They are tired.
Howà ask in what way.How will she get here? By taxi.
Whoà ask about peopleWho are you going to visit? My sister.
What
 		à ask about things
(many possible answers).		What's your father's job?
He's a dentist.
Which
 		à ask about things
(small number of possible answers).		Which finger did you break?
My ring finger.
2. Word order
Most wh-questions begin with a question word + an auxiliary verb + the subject
Question wordAuxiliarySubjectVerb
WhatisBriandoing?
Wherehaveyouputthe book?
Whencanwetravelsafely?
Howdoesthe radiowork?
3. Prepositions with wh-questions
Prepositions (to, about, with, from, ...) usually go at the end. Here are some examples:
- Where are you from?
- Who do these books belong to?
- What are you talking about?
- Who are you going with?

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